Reported speech (direct – indirect speech)
Dipakai untuk melaporkan apa yang seseorang katakan (mengubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung)
Reported verb:
Tell, say, order, answer, ask, remark. (present)/will tell, will say, will order, will answer, will ask, will remark (present future)
Told, said, ordered, answered, asked, remarked (past)
Reported words (kata-kata yang dilaporkan, diapit tanda petik/put within quotation marks)
Rules:
1. Jika reported verb dalam bentuk PRESENT, maka reported words/ kata-kata yang dilaporkan tidak berubah bentuk tenses (kata kerjanya), yang berUBAH hanya KATA GANTINYA saja.
Examples:
Direct: I say ' I am late”
Indirect: I say that I am late
Direct: He says,”I was a fool then”
Indirect: He says he was a fool then.
Direct: She says,” I will be more experienced then”
Indirect: She says she will be more experienced then.
Direct: I will say,” He loves cricket”
Indirect: I will say he loves cricket
Direct: She will say,” He was in New Delhi now.
Indirect: She will say he was in New Delhi now.
Direct: They will say,” We will get reward”
Indirect: They will say they will get reward.
2. Jika repoted verbnya dalam bentuk PAST, maka banyak hal yang BERUBAH dalam penyusunan reported wordsnya, yaitu: TENSES/bentuk kata kerjanya, STRUKTUR KALIMAT, KATA GANTI dan KETERANGAN WAKTU.
Perubahan Tenses:
Present Tense menjadi Past tense:
V1/Vs/es ---------------- V2 contoh:
Go/goes ------------------- went
Study/studies ------------ studied
Have/has ------------------ had
Do/does ------------------- did
Is/am/are ---------------- was/were
Present continuous menjadi past continuous:
To be (is, am, are) + V ing menjadi : to be (was/were) + V ing
Past tense menjadi Past Perfect
V2 ----------------------- had + V3
Went -------------------- had gone
Studied ----------------- had studied
Had ---------------------- had had
Did ------------------------ had done
Was/were -------------- had been
Past continuous menjadi past perfect continous
Was/were+ V ing --------- had been + V ing
Was/were going ------------ had been going
Was doing ---------------- Had been doing
Modal auxiliary I menjadi Modal Auxiliary II
Will ----------------- would
Can ----------------- could
Shall ---------------- should
May ---------------- might
Must --------------- must/had to
Keterangan waktu dan tempat
Now -------- then
Tomorrow ---- the following day/ the next day.
Yesterday -----the day before/ the previous day
Last night ----- the night before
next week-------the following week
Here--------------there
These------------those
This---------------that
Today------------that day
Tonight----------that night
Some examples:
Direct: I said,” My mother cooks well”
I say that my mother cooks well.
Indirect: I said my mother cooked well.
He said that his mother cooked well.
Direct: She said, “I am reading a comic now”
Indirect: She said she was reading a comic then.
She says she is reading a comic now.
Direct: He said,” I killed an ant”
Indirect: He said that he had killed an ant.
He says that he killed an ant.
Direct: We said,”They have done their job”
Indirect: We said they had done their job.
Direct: They said,” We were all laughing uncontrollably”
Indirect: They said they had been all laughing uncontrollably.
Direct: He said,” I can do it”
Indirect: He said he could do it.
He says he can do it.
Direct: She said to me,” You may need help”
Indirect: She told me I might need help.
She tells me I may need help.
Direct: He said,”She will do this task quickly”
Indirect: He said she would do that task quickly.
3. Jika direct speech menunjukkan universal truth or habitual action tenses dalam kalimat langsung(yg dalam tanda petik) tidak berubah
• The teacher said,” The sun rises in the east”
The teacher said the sun rises in the east
Struktur kalimat:
Reported statement (pernyataan):
Direct speech:
Susan: “ I want to bring my camera tomorrow.”
Indirect speech:
Susan says that she wants to bring her camera tomorrow.
Susan said THAT she wanted to bring her camera the next day.
Jadi untuk kalimat tidak langsung perlu penghubung THAT (=bahwa).
Reported commands (perintah langsung)
Father: “DO your homework!”
Father told me TO DO my homework.
Untuk semua tenses dan subject sama pola kalimatnya : …… to V1…..
Perhatikan pergantian kata ganti (pronoun) yang diperlukan.
1. “Eat your breakfast!” Mother told me to eat my breakfast.
2. “Be careful please!” He told me to be careful.
3. “Read this letter for me!” Grandma told me to read this letter for her.
4. “Bring these books to library!” Mr. Ruby told me to bring these books to library.
5. “Throw away this garbage!” he asked me to throw away this garbage.
Mother: “Don’t go out without wearing jacket!”
Mother told me NOT TO GO without wearing jacket.
1. “Don’t enter this road!” The police said not to enter this road.
2. “Don’t be late!” The teacher told me not to be late.
3. “Don’t drive too fast!” I told the driver not to drive too fast.
Reported questions
Peter: “Do you smoke?” apakah kamu merokok
Peter asks me if I smoke. =
Peter asked me whether I smoked.= Peter asked me if I smoked.
Peter asked Toyib if he smoked.
Ragil wants to know, “Did you hide my shoes yesterday?”
Ragil wants to know if I hid his shoes yesterday.
Ragil wanted to know if I had hidden his shoes the day before.
I ask my mother, “Are you cooking fried rice, mom?”
I ask my mother if she is cooking fried rice.
I asked my mother if she was cooking fried rice.
Jadi pola kalimatnya berubah dari pola kalimat Tanya menjadi pola kalimat berita/pernyataan dengan penghubung whether/if.
Subject + Verb, “Auxiliary + Subject + Verb ----------- Subject + verb whether/if + Subject + Verb. (tidak diperlukan auxiliary jika kalimatnya positif)
Reported speech with question word:
Sinta asks Yuli, “Where did you hide my shoes?”
Sinta asks Yuli where he hid her shoes.
V2
Sinta asked Yuli where he had hidden her shoes
Uncle asks my brother and me, “Why do you like playing basketball?”
Uncle asks my brother and me why we like playing basketball.
Uncle asked my brother and me why we liked playing basketball.
Example:
1. “What time will you pick me up?” Rini asked Rino.
Rini asked Rino what time he would pick her up.
Rini asks Rino what time he will pick her up.
1. “When will you return my money?” Mrs. Ela asked Mr. Dony.
Mrs. Ela asks Mr. Dony……
Mrs. Ela asked Mr. Donny ….
2. “Clean my room!”
My elder sister asked me to clean her room.
“Reply my email!”
Yuni asked me …..
3. “We buy some apples for you.”
They tell me that they buy some apples for me.
They told me that they bought some apples for me.
“I send this letter for you”
Richard tells me that …..
